chemistry reserach

Organic reactions square chemical reactions involving organic compounds. The fundamental chemical reaction classifies square-measure addition reactions, elimination reactions, substitution reactions, pericyclic reactions, preparation reactions, chemical reactions and reaction reactions.

The word organic refers to the compounds which contain the carbon atoms in it. So the branch of chemistry that deals with the study of compounds, which does not consist of carbon-hydrogen atoms in it, is called ‘Inorganic Chemistry.’ The substances which do not have carbon-hydrogen bonding are the metals, salts, chemical substances, etc.

The science of chemistry and biochemistry in their relation to agriculture, especially agricultural production, the utilization of agricultural products, and (in later use) environmental matters. Agricultural chemistry also deals with several other means of increasing yield, such as herbicides and growth stimulants, and serves as the scientific basis for introducing chemical processes into agriculture. 

A branch of chemistry that deals with the identification of compounds and mixtures ( qualitative analysis) or the determination of the proportions of the constituents ( quantitative analysis): techniques commonly used are titration, precipitation, spectroscopy, chromatography, etc.

Applied chemistry is the application of the principles and theories of chemistry to answer a specific question or solve a real-world problem, as opposed to pure chemistry, which is aimed at enhancing knowledge within the field. Chemistry, like other fields of science, follows the scientific method, though perhaps not as strictly. The scientific method is composed of techniques and guidelines for conducting research that help scientists ensure their results are accurate. Let's explore how steps of the scientific method can be used, even loosely, by applied chemists in the laboratory. 

Biochemistry, study of the chemical substances and processes that occur in plants, animals, and microorganisms and of the changes they undergo during development and life. It deals with the chemistry of life, and as such it draws on the techniques of analytical, organic, and physical chemistry, as well as those of physiologists concerned with the molecular basis of vital processes. All chemical changes within the organism—either the degradation of substances, generally to gain necessary energy, or the build-up of complex molecules necessary for life processes—are collectively termed metabolism.

Chemical engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with chemical production and the manufacture of products through chemical processes. This includes designing equipment, systems and processes for refining raw materials and for mixing, compounding and processing chemicals to make valuable products.

Fungi is somewhere in between the micro and macro organisms which is a good source of producing biologically active secondary metabolites. Fungi have been used as tool for producing different types of secondary metabolites by providing different nutrients at different laboratory conditions. The fungi have been engineered for the desired secondary metabolites by using different laboratory techniques, for example, homologous and heterologous expressions. 

Clinical laboratory science consists of various specialties such as clinical chemistry, haematology, immunology, microbiology, serology, toxicology and urinalysis. This learning guide focuses on the major specialty of clinical chemistry, which encompasses a wide variety of tests and is a major area of concentration in hospital and reference core laboratories. Clinical chemistry uses many different methodologies, manual and fully automated tests, examines both very common and esoteric analytes, mixes basic chemistry with biochemistry, engineering, informatics and other disciplines, and overlaps with other areas of concentration, in particular, toxicology and endocrinology.

Crystal engineering is the understanding of intermolecular interactions in the context of crystal packing and the utilization of such understanding in the design of new solids with desired physical and chemical properties. It is a subject of great scope and application that has developed by a coming together of thought streams from many other subjects.

Environmental Chemistry is thus the study of the behaviour of pollutants with respect to their environmental fate and effects on the environment. Environmental Chemistry is the discipline which deals with:

1. the environmental impact of pollutants,
2. the reduction of contamination and
3. Management of the environment.

The Green and Sustainable Chemistry section highlights quality research that attempts to reduce or eliminate the environmental impact of the chemical enterprise by developing sustainable technologies that are inherently non-toxic to living organisms and the environment.

Chemistry in its industrial applications especially to processes in manufacturing and the arts and to commercial production of chemicals. Industrial Chemistry is part of applied chemistry that deals with the development, optimization and monitoring of fundamental chemical processes used in industry to produce chemicals and chemical products.

Marine chemistry is the study of the chemical composition and chemical processes of the world’s oceans. Some of the key processes studied are the cycling of: inorganic and organic carbon; nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus; and trace elements, such as iron.

Mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical technique used to quantify known materials, to identify unknown compounds within a sample, and to elucidate the structure and chemical properties of different molecules. The complete process involves the conversion of the sample into gaseous ions, with or without fragmentation, which are then characterized by their mass to charge ratios (m/z) and relative abundances.

Filtration, the process in which solid particles in a liquid or gaseous fluid are removed by the use of a filter medium that permits the fluid to pass through but retains the solid particles. Either the clarified fluid or the solid particles removed from the fluid may be the desired product. In some processes used in the production of chemicals, both the fluid filtrate and the solid filter cake are recovered. Other media, such as electricity, light, and sound, also can be filtered.

Material science is the study of all the materials we see in the world around us. From the clothes we wear and the dinner plates we eat off to the new technologies used in sports, medicines and computing. In this course we look at how materials work and develop an understanding of how and why the use of materials has developed throughout history including the manipulation of desirable properties to suit particular uses. The thread of ideas links the structure and bonding of different types of materials including metals, composites, polymers and smart materials to their properties.

The branch of science which deals with the chemistry of radioactive materials, especially with the transformation of chemical elements by (natural or artificial) nuclear processes.  Nuclear chemistry is the study of the chemical and physical properties of elements as influenced by changes in the structure of the atomic nucleus. Modern nuclear chemistry, sometimes referred to as radiochemistry, has become very interdisciplinary in its applications, ranging from the study of the formation of the elements in the universe to the design of radioactive drugs for diagnostic medicine.

Petroleum Chemistry is made of a mixture of different hydrocarbons. The most prolific hydrocarbons found in the chemistry of petroleum are alkanes, these are also sometimes knows as branched or linear hydrocarbons. A significant percentage of the remaining chemical compound is the made up of aromatic hydrocarbons and cycloalkanes. Additionally petroleum chemistry contains several more complex hydrocarbons such as asphaltenes.

The branch of chemistry that is concerned with the physical structure of chemical compounds, the amount of energy they have, the way they react with other compounds, and the bonds that hold their atoms together.

Polymer chemists study large, complex molecules (polymers) that are built up from many smaller (sometimes repeating) units. They study how the smaller building blocks (monomers) combine, and create useful materials with specific characteristics by manipulating the molecular structure of the monomers/polymers used, the composition of the monomer/polymer combinations, and applying chemical and processing techniques that can, to a large extent, affect the properties of the final product.

“Radiation chemistry” deals with study of chemical transformations under the action of ionizing radiation, study of radiation-chemical processes, development of methods for predicting the radiation resistance of various materials, and development of methods for their protection against destruction.

Supramolecular chemistry refers to an area of chemistry that specializes in the study of noncovalent interactions within and between molecules.  Traditionally, chemists have focused on studying how atoms and ions are held together by covalent bonds and ionic bonds, and how these bonds are formed and broken during chemical reactions. By contrast, researchers in supramolecular chemistry examine the weaker and reversible noncovalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, metal coordination, hydrophobic forces, van der Waals forces, pi-pi interactions, and electrostatic effects.

Theoretical chemistry seeks to provide theories and explanations for chemical observations whilst also posing questions to be answered by future experiments. Playing a key role in physical chemistry, it uses the laws of physics to predict molecular structure, dynamics, bonding, reactivity, physical properties and spectroscopic response.